bad loan 呆帳
chart of cash flow 現金流量表
clearly-established ownership 產權清晰
debt to equity 債轉股
diversity of equities 股權多元化
economy of scale 規模經濟
emerging economies 新興經濟
exchange-rate regime 匯率機制
fund and financing 籌資融資
global financial architecture 全球金融體系
global integration, globality 全球壹體化，全球化
go public 上市
growth spurt （經濟的）急劇增長
have one's "two commas" 百萬富翁
hedge against 套期保值
housing mortgage 住房按揭
holdings 控股，所持股份
holding company 控股公司
initial offerings 原始股
initial public offerings 首次公募
innovative business 創新企業
intellectual capital 智力資本
inter-bank lending 拆借
internet customer 網上客戶
investment payoff period 投資回收期
joint-stock 參股
mall rat 愛逛商店的年輕人
means of production 生產要素
(the)medical cost social pool for major diseases
大病醫療費用社會統籌
mergers and acquisitions 並購
mobile-phone banking 移動電話銀行業
moods 人氣
net potato 網蟲
non-store seling 直銷
offering 新股
online-banking 網上銀行業
online-finance 在線金融
online client （銀行的）網上客戶
paper profit 帳面收益
physical assets 有形資產
project fund system 項目資本金制度
pyramid sale 傳銷
recapitalize 資產重組
regional corrency blocks 地區貨幣集團
regulate 調控
sell off 變現
share(stock) option 期權，股票認購權
smart card 智能卡
slash prices 殺價
spare capacity 閑置的生產能力
strong growth 強勁的增長勢頭
switch trade 轉手貿易
take…public 上市
tap the idle assets 盤活存量資產
transaction （銀行的） 交易
transfer payment from the exchequer
財政轉移支付
venture-capital 風險資本
virtual bank 虛擬銀行
wire transfer 電子轉帳
經濟金融術語漢英對照表 D
D
打白條 issue IOU
大額存單 certificate of deposit（CD）
大額提現 withdraw deposits in large amounts
大面積滑坡 wide-spread decline
大壹統的銀行體制 （all-in-one）mono-bank system
呆賬（請見“壞賬”） bad loans
呆賬準備金 loan loss reserves（provisions）
呆滯貸款 idle loans
貸款沈澱 non-performing loans
貸款分類 loan classification
貸款限額管理 credit control;to impose credit ceiling
貸款約束機制 credit disciplinary（constraint）mechanism
代理國庫 to act as fiscal agent
代理金融機構貸款 make loans on behalf of other institutions
戴帽貸款 ear-marked loans
倒逼機制 reversed transmission of the pressure for easing monetary condition
道德風險 moral hazard
地區差別 regional disparity
第壹產業 the primary industry
第二產業 the secondary industry
第三產業 the service industry;the tertiary industry
遞延資產 deferrable assets
訂貨不足 insufficient orders
定期存款 time deposits
定向募集 raising funds from targeted sources
東道國（請見“母國”） host country
獨立核算 independent accounting
短期國債 treasury bills
對沖操作 sterilization operation;hedging
對非金融部門債權 claims on non-financial sector
多種所有制形式 diversified ownership
經濟金融術語漢英對照表 E-F
E
惡性通貨膨脹 hyperinflation
二級市場 secondary market
F
發行貨幣 to issue currency
發行總股本 total stock issue
法定準備金 required reserves;reserve requirement
法人股 institutional shares
法人股東 institutional shareholders
法治 rule of law
房地產投資 real estate investment
放松銀根 to ease monetary policy
非現場稽核 off-site surveillance（or monitoring）
非銀行金融機構 non-bank financial institutions
非贏利性機構 non-profit organizations
分稅制 assignment of central and local taxes;tax assignment system
分業經營 segregation of financial business（services）;division of business scope based on the type of financial institutions
風險暴露（風險敞口） risk exposure
風險管理 risk management
風險意識 risk awareness
風險資本比例 risk-weighted capital ratios
風險資本標準 risk-based capital standard
服務事業收入 public service charges;user's charges
扶貧 poverty alleviation
負增長 negative growth
復式預算制 double-entry budgeting;capital and current budgetary account
經濟金融術語漢英對照表 G
G
改革試點 reform experimentation
杠桿率 leverage ratio
杠桿收購 leveraged buyout
高息集資 to raise funds by offering high interest
個人股 non-institutional shares
根本扭轉 fundamental turnaround（or reversal）
公開市場操作 open market operations
公款私存 deposit public funds in personal accounts
公用事業 public utilities
公有經濟 the state-owned sector;the public sector
公有制 public ownership
工業成本利潤率 profit-to-cost ratio
工業增加值 industrial value added
供大於求 supply exceeding demand;excessive supply
鼓勵措施 incentives
股份合作企業 joint-equity cooperative enterprises
股份制企業 joint-equity enterprises
股份制銀行 joint-equity banks
固定資產貸款 fixed asset loans
關稅減免 tariff reduction and exemption
關稅減讓 tariff concessions
關稅優惠 tariff incentives;preferential tariff treatment
規範行為 to regularize（or standardize）…behavior
規模效益 economies of scale
國計民生 national interest and people's livelihood
國家對個人其他支出 other government outlays to individuals
國家風險 country risk
國際分工 international division of labor
國際收支 balance of payments
國有獨資商業銀行 wholly state-owned commercial banks
國有經濟（部門） the state-owned（or public）sector
國有企業 state-owned enterprises（SOEs）
國有制 state-ownership
國有資產流失 erosion of state assets
國債回購 government securities repurchase
國債壹級自營商 primary underwriters of government securities
過度競爭 excessive competition
過度膨脹 excessive expansion
過熱跡象 signs of overheating
經濟金融術語漢英對照表 H
H
合理預期 rational expectation
核心資本 core capital
合資企業 joint-venture enterprises
紅利 dividend
宏觀經濟運營良好 sound macroeconomic performance
宏觀經濟基本狀況 macroeconomic fundamentals
宏觀調控 macroeconomic management（or adjustment）
宏觀調控目標 macroeconomic objectives（or targets）
壞賬 bad debt
還本付息 debt service
換匯成本 unit export cost;local currency cost of export earnings
匯兌在途 funds in float
匯兌支出 advance payment of remittance by the beneficiary's bank
匯率並軌 unification of exchange rates
活期存款 demand deposits
匯率失調 exchange rate misalignment
混合所有制 diversified（mixed）ownership
貨幣政策態勢 monetary policy stance
貨款拖欠 overdue obligations to suppliers
經濟金融術語漢英對照表 J
J
基本建設投資 investment in infrastructure
基本經濟要素 economic fundamentals
基本適度 broadly appropriate
基準利率 benchmark interest rate
機關團體存款 deposits of non-profit institutions
機會成本 opportunity cost
激勵機制 incentive mechanism
積壓嚴重 heavy stockpile;excessive inventory
擠提存款 run on banks
擠占挪用 unwarranted diversion of（financial）resources（from designated uses）
技改投資 investment in technological upgrading
技術密集型產品 technology-intensive product
計劃單列市 municipalities with independent planning status
計劃經濟 planned economy
集體經濟 the collective sector
加大結構調整力度 to intensify structural adjustment
加工貿易 processing trade
加快態勢 accelerating trend
加強稅收征管稽查 to enhance tax administration
加權價 weighted average price
價格放開 price liberalization
價格形成機制 pricing mechanism
減虧 to reduce losses
簡化手續 to cut red tape;to simplify（streamline）procedures
交投活躍 brisk trading
繳存準備金 to deposit required reserves
結構扭曲 structural distortion
結構失調 structural imbalance
結構性矛盾突出 acute structural imbalance
結構優化 structural improvement（optimization）
結匯、售匯 sale and purchase of foreign exchange
金融脆弱 financial fragility
金融動蕩 financial turbulence
金融風波 financial disturbance
金融恐慌 financial panic
金融危機 financial crisis
金融壓抑 financial repression
金融衍生物 financial derivatives
金融詐騙 financial fraud
緊縮銀根 to tighten monetary policy
緊縮政策 austerity policies;tight financial policies
經常賬戶可兌換 current account convertibility
經濟特區 special economic zones（SEZs）
經濟體制改革 economic reform
經濟增長方式的轉變 change in the main source of economic growth（from investment expansion to efficiency gains）
經濟增長減速 economic slowdown;moderation in economic growth
經濟制裁 economic sanction
經營自主權 autonomy in management
景氣回升 recovery in business activity
境外投資 overseas investment
競爭加劇 intensifying competition
局部性金融風波 localized（isolated）financial disturbance
經濟金融術語漢英對照表 K-L
K
開辦人民幣業務 to engage in RMB business
可維持（可持續）經濟增長 sustainable economic growth
可變成本 variable cost
可自由兌換貨幣 freely convertible currency
控制現金投放 control currency issuance
扣除物價因素 in real terms;on inflation-adjusted basis
庫存產品 inventory
跨國銀行業務 cross-border banking
跨年度采購 cross-year procurement
會計準則 accounting standard
L
來料加工 processing of imported materials for export
離岸銀行業務 off-shore banking（business）
理順外貿體制 to rationalize foreign trade regime
利率杠桿的調節作用 the role of interest rates in resource allocation
利潤驅動 profit-driven
利息回收率 interest collection ratio
聯行清算 inter-bank settlement
連鎖企業 franchise（businesses）;chain businesses
良性循環 virtuous cycle
兩極分化 growing income disparity;polarization in income distribution
零售物價指數 retail price index（RPI）
流動性比例 liquidity ratio
流動資產周轉率/流通速度 velocity of liquid assets
流動資金貸款 working capital loans
流通體制 distribution system
流通網絡 distribution network
留購（租賃期滿時承租人可購買租賃物） hire purchase
壟斷行業 monopolized industry（sector）
亂集資 irregular（illegal）fund raising
亂收費 irregular（illegal）charges
亂攤派 unjustified（arbitrary）levies
經濟金融術語漢英對照表 M-P
M
買方市場 buyer's market
賣方市場 seller's market
賣出回購證券 matched sale of repo
貿易差額 trade balance
民間信用 non-institutionalized credit
免二減三 exemption of income tax for the first two years ofmaking profit and 50% tax reduction for thefollowing three years
明補 explicit subsidy
明虧 explicit loss
名牌產品 brand products
母國（請見“東道國”） home country
N
內部控制 internal control
內部審計 internal audit
內地與香港 the mainland and Hong Kong
內債 domestic debt
扭虧為盈 to turn a loss-making enterprise into a profitable one
扭曲金融分配 distorted allocation of financial resources
農副產品采購支出 outlays for agricultural procurement
農村信用社 rural credit cooperatives（RCCs）
P
泡沫效應 bubble effect
泡沫經濟 bubble economy
培育新的經濟增長點 to tap new sources of economic growth
片面追求發展速度 excessive pursuit of growth
平衡發展 balanced development
瓶頸制約 bottleneck（constraints）
平穩回升 steady recovery
鋪底流動資金 initial（start-up）working capital
普遍回升 broad-based recovery
配套改革 concomitant（supporting）reforms
配套人民幣資金 local currency funding of…
經濟金融術語漢英對照表 Q-R
Q
企業辦社會 enterprises burdened with social responsibilities
企業集團戰略 corporate group strategy
企業兼並重組 company merger and restructuring
企業領導班子 enterprise management
企業所得稅 enterprise（corporate）income tax
企業效益 corporate profitability
企業資金違規流入股市 irregular flow of enterprise funds into the stock market
欠稅 tax arrears
欠息 overdue interest
強化稅收征管 to strengthen tax administration
強制措施 enforcement action
翹尾因素 carryover effect
切壹刀 partial application
清理收回貸款 clean up and recover loans
（破產）清算 liquidation
傾斜政策 preferential policy
區別對待 differential treatment
趨勢加強 intensifying trend
全球化 globalization
權益回報率 returns on equity（ROE）
缺乏後勁 unsustainable momentum
R
繞規模貸款 to circumvent credit ceiling
人均國內生產總值 per capita GDP
人均收入 per capita income
人民幣升值壓力 upward pressure on the Renminbi（exchange rate）
認繳資本 subscribed capital
軟貸款 soft loans
軟預算約束 soft budget constraint
軟著陸 soft landing
經濟金融術語漢英對照表 W-X
W
外部審計 external audit
外國直接投資 foreign direct investment （FDI）
外匯儲備 foreign exchange reserves
外匯調劑 foreign exchange swap
外匯占款 the RMB counterpart of foreign exchange reserves;the RMB equivalent of offcial foreign exchange holdings
外向型經濟 export-oriented economy
外債 external debt
外資企業 foreign-funded enterprises
完善現代企業制度 to improve the modern enterprise system
完稅憑證 tax payment documentation
違法經營 illegal business
委托存款 entrusted deposits
穩步增長 steady growth
穩健的銀行系統 a sound banking system
穩中求進 to make progress while ensuring stability
無紙交易 book-entry（or paperless/scriptless）transaction
物價監測 price monitoring
X
吸納流動性 to absorb liquidity
稀缺經濟 scarcity economy
洗錢 money laundering
系統內調度 fund allocation within a bank
系統性金融危機 systemic financial crisis
下崗工人 laid-off employees
下遊企業 down-stream enterprises
現場稽核 on-site examination
現金滯留（居民手中） cash held outside the banking system
鄉鎮企業 township and village enterprises（TVEs）
消費物價指數 consumer price index（CPI）
消費稅 excise（consumption）tax
消滅財政赤字 to balance the budget;to eliminate fiscal deficit
銷貨款回籠 reflow of corporate sales income to the banking system
銷售平淡 lackluster sales
協議外資金額 committed amount of foreign investment
新經濟增長點 new sources of economic growth
新開工項目 new projects;newly started projects
新增貸款 incremental credit; loan increment; credit growth; credit expansion
新增就業位置 new jobs;new job opportunities
信貸規模考核 review the compliance with credit ceilings
信號失真 distorted signals
信托投資公司 trust and investment companies
信息不對稱 information asymmetry
信息反饋 feedback（information）
信息***享系統 information sharing system
信息披露 information disclosure
信用擴張 credir expansion
信用評級 credit rating
姓“資”還是姓“社” pertaining to socialism or capitalism;socialist orcaptialist
行政措施 administrative measures
需求膨脹 demand expansion; excessive demand
虛偽存款 window-dressing deposits
削減冗員 to shed excess labor force
尋租 rent seeking
迅速反彈 quick rebound
經濟金融術語漢英對照表 Y-Z
Y
養老基金 pension fund
壹刀切 universal application;non-discretionary implementation
壹級市場 primary market
應收未收利息 overdue interest
銀行網點 banking outlets
贏利能力 profitability
營業稅 business tax
硬貸款（商業貸款） commercial loans
用地審批 to grant land use right
有管理的浮動匯率 managed floating exchange rate
證券投資 portfolio investment
遊資（熱錢） hot money
有市場的產品 marketable products
有效供給 effective supply
誘發新壹輪經濟擴張 trigger a new round of economic expansion
逾期貸款 overdue loans;past-due loans
與國際慣例接軌 to become compatible with internationally accepted
與國際市場接軌 to integrate with the world market
預算外支出（收入） off-budget （extra-budgetary） expenditure（revenue）
預調 pre-emptive adjustment
月環比 on a month-on-month basis; on a monthly basis
Z
再貸款 central bank lending
在國際金融機構儲備頭寸 reserve position in international financial institutions
在人行存款 deposits at （with） the central bank
在途資金 fund in float
增加農業投入 to increase investment in agriculture
增勢減緩 deceleration of growth;moderation of growthmomentum
增收節支措施 revenue-enhancing and expenditure control measures
增長平穩 steady growth
增值稅 value-added tax（VAT）
漲幅偏高 higher-than-desirable growth rate;excessive growth
賬外賬 concealed accounts
折舊 depreciation
整頓 retrenchment;consolidation
政策工具 policy instrument
政策性業務 policy-related operations
政策性銀行 policy banks
政策組合 policy mix
政府幹預 government intervention
證券交易清算 settlement of securities transactions
證券業務占款 funding of securities purchase
支付困難 payment difficulty
支付能力 payment capacity
直接調控方式向 to increase the reliance on indirect policy instruments
間接調控方式轉變職能轉換 transformation of functions
職業道德 professional ethics
指令性措施 mandatory measures
指令性計劃 mandatory plan;administered plan
制定和實施貨幣政策 to conduct monetary policy;to formulate and implement monetary policy
滯後影響 lagged effect
中介機構 intermediaries
中央與地方財政 delineation of fiscal responsibilities
分竈吃飯重點建設 key construction projects;key investment project
周期谷底 bottom（trough）of business cycle
周轉速度 velocity
主辦銀行 main bank
主權風險 sovereign risk
註冊資本 registered capital
逐步到位 to phase in;phased implementation
逐步取消 to phase out
抓大放小 to seize the big and free the small（to maintain close oversight on the large state-ownedenterprises and subject smaller ones to market competition）
專款專用 use of funds as ear-marked
轉貸 on-lending
轉軌經濟 transition economy
轉機 turnaround
轉折關頭 turning point
準財政赤字 quasi-fiscal deficit
準貨幣 quasi-money
資本不足 under-capitalized
資本充足率 capital adequacy ratio
資本利潤率 return on capital
資本賬戶可兌換 capital account convertibility
資不抵債 insolvent;insolvency
資產負債表 balance sheet
資產負債率 liability/asset ratio;ratio of liabilities to assets
資產集中 asset concentration
資產貢獻率 asset contribution factor
資產利潤率 return on assets （ROA）
資產質量 asset quality
資產組合 asset portfolio
資金成本 cost of funding;cost of capital;financing cost
資金到位 fully funded （project）
資金寬裕 to have sufficient funds
資金利用率 fund utilization rate
資金缺口 financing gap
資金體外循環 financial disintermediation
資金占壓 funds tied up
自籌投資項目 self-financed projects
自有資金 equity fund
綜合國力 overall national strength（often measured by GDP）
綜合效益指標 overall efficiency indicator
綜合治理 comprehensive adjustment（retrenchment）;over-haul
總成交額 total contract value
總交易量 total amount of transactions
總成本 total cost
最後貸款人 lender of last resort