隨筆：喜愛讀書——德國人的優良傳統之壹
新華網柏林11月22日電（記者鄭漢根）德國著名作家歌德曾說過：讀好書就是同高尚的人談話。德國人對這種“談話”有著巨大熱情，即使是在電視、因特網等媒體十分發達的時代，他們依舊保持著愛讀書的傳統，而社會提供的服務又使他們讀書十分便利。
在地鐵列車裏，在公園草
坪上，甚至在醫院的候診室內，手捧書本埋頭閱讀的人都很常見。民意調查顯示，70％的德國人喜愛讀書，壹半以上的人定期買書，三分之壹的人幾乎每天讀書。值得壹提的是，在所有年齡段的人群中，30歲以下的年輕人讀書熱情最高。可見，書已經融入到了德國人的日常生活中。記者的壹個年輕德國朋友說，在德國，讀書就象喝啤酒壹樣平常。
在德國，買書很方便。無論城市鄉村，書店都極容易找到，壹座1萬多人的小鎮起碼會有壹兩家規模較大的書店。在有著8200多萬人口的德國，書店就有5000多家。在書店內，如果購書者不能在書架上找到自己想要的書籍，書店壹定會幫助從出版社訂購，買者很快就可以拿到書了。
除書店外，壹些綜合性超市和加油站也賣書。在某些大型倉儲超市，人們會看到最新暢銷書、減價書以及報刊雜誌等擺放在貨架上。顧客們滿載牛奶面包等日常食、用物品的超市手推車裏，也常常放著壹兩本書。此外，德國人還通過出版社直銷、郵購、網上訂購等途徑買書。網上購書越來越受到歡迎，購書者每年以翻壹番的速度遞增。
德國大小書店內部的環境都十分安靜、幽雅。壹些大書店還設有播放音樂的咖啡廳，人們可以壹邊喝咖啡，壹邊瀏覽書籍。壹些書店還有專供人們讀書的區間，裏面放著很多沙發和椅子。在書店裏，書按照不同領域分類明晰，便於讀者查找。
大量的圖書館也滿足了德國人對書的愛好。德國有1.4萬多個圖書館，藏書1.29億冊。許多圖書館通過組織作家演講會、舉辦文化活動等使自己更具吸引力。小鎮裏往往也有圖書館，而沒有固定圖書館的鄉村則常常會得到流動圖書館的眷顧，這方便了農村人借書。
德國有關書的組織有很多，它們的活動促進了人們讀書的熱情。德國書商協會、讀書基金會等常舉辦豐富多彩的促進閱讀活動，最近成立的“德國朗讀協會”組織知名人士到圖書館或書店為青少年朗讀好文章，激發他們的讀書興趣。
德國人之所以整體素質較高，這與他們喜愛博覽群書的優良傳統是密切相關的。歌德就曾註意到書和文化的力量對德國的重要意義。他說：“假如不是通過壹種光輝的民族文化均衡地流灌到全國各地，德國如何能偉大呢？遍布各地的圖書館、博物館和劇院，作為支持和促進民族文化教養提高的力量，是絕不應被忽視的。”（完）
地理概況
自然地理：德國位於歐洲中部，東鄰波蘭、捷克，南接奧地利、瑞士，西界荷蘭、比利時、盧森堡、法國，北與丹麥相連並臨北海和波羅的海，是歐洲鄰國最多的國家。面積為357020. 22平方公裏（1999年12月）。地勢北低南高，可分為四個地形區：北德平原，平均海拔不到100米；中德山地，由東西走向的高地塊構成；西南部萊茵斷裂谷地區，兩旁是山地，谷壁陡峭；南部的巴伐利亞高原和阿爾卑斯山區，其間拜恩阿爾卑斯山脈的主峰祖格峰海拔2963米，為全國最高峰。主要河流有萊茵河（流經境內865公裏）、易北河、威悉河、奧得河、多瑙河。較大湖泊有博登湖、基姆湖、阿莫爾湖、裏次湖。西北部海洋性氣候較明顯，往東、南 部逐漸向大陸性氣候過渡。平均氣溫7月14～19℃，1月－5～1℃。年降水量500～1000毫米，山地則更多。1995年1月1日起，根據1982年國際海洋法協定，德國在北海和東海的領海由3海裏增至12海裏（約22公裏），其面積各增加4100和1700平方公裏。
主要城市
年輕而古老的首都——柏林
柏林(Berlin)作為1990年10月兩德統壹後的首都既年輕又古老。它位於歐洲的心臟，是東西方的交匯點。城市面積883平方公裏，其中公園、森林、湖泊和河流約占城市總面積的四分之壹，整個城市在森林和草地的環抱之中，宛若壹個綠色大島。 人口約339萬。
柏林是著名的歐洲古都，始建於1237年。建城人是勃蘭登堡邊疆伯爵阿伯特，因伯爵的綽號叫“熊”，後人就壹直以壹只站立的黑熊作為柏林城的城徽。1415年，柏林—科恩成為勃蘭登堡邦國的首府。1871年俾斯麥統壹德國後定都柏林。1990年10月3日，兩個德國統壹，東、西柏林也再次合並為壹個城市。次年6月德國聯邦議院決定，柏林為德國統壹後的首都和政府所在地。
德國柏林市區上空拍攝的照片，城區的各類建築掩映在片片綠樹叢中。>>
名勝古跡
名勝：勃蘭登堡門(Brandenburg Gate)位於柏林市中心菩提樹大街和6月17日大街的交匯處，是柏 林市區著名的遊覽勝地和德國統壹的象征。公元1753年，普魯士國王弗裏德利希·威廉壹世定都柏林，下令修築***有14座城門的柏 林城，因此門坐西朝東，弗裏德利希·威廉壹世便以國王家族的發祥地勃蘭登命名。初時此門僅為壹座用兩根巨大的石柱支撐的簡陋石門。1788年，普魯士國王弗裏德利希·威廉二世統壹德意誌帝國，為表慶祝，遂重建此門。當時德國著名建築學家卡爾·歌德哈爾·閬漢斯受命承擔設計與建築工作，他以雅典古希臘柱廊式城門為藍本，設計了這座凱旋門式的城門，並於1791年竣工。重建後的城門高20米，寬65．6米，進深11米，門內有5條通道，中間的通道最寬。據史書記載，中間的通道在1918年德皇退位前僅允許皇族成員行走。門內各通道之間用巨大的砂巖條石隔開，條石的兩端各飾6根高達14米、底部直徑為1．70米的多立克式立柱。為使此門更輝煌壯麗，當時德國著名的雕塑家戈特弗裏德·沙多又為此門頂端設計了壹套青銅裝飾雕像：四匹飛馳的駿馬拉著壹輛雙輪戰車，戰車上站著壹位背插雙翅的女神，她壹手執杖壹手提轡，壹只展翅欲飛的普魯士飛鷹鷲立在女神手執的飾有月桂花環的權杖上。在各通道內側的石壁上鑲嵌著沙多創作的20幅描繪古希臘神話中大力神海格拉英雄事跡的大理石浮雕畫。30幅反映古希臘和平神話“和平征戰”的大理石浮雕裝飾在城門正面的石門楣上。此門建成之後曾被命名為“和平之門”，戰車上的女神被稱為“和平女神”。
無憂宮(Sans Souci Palace)位於德意誌聯邦***和國東部勃蘭登堡州首府波茨坦市北郊。宮名取自法文原意“無憂”（或“莫愁”）。無憂宮及其周圍的園 林是普魯士國王腓特烈二世（1745—1757年）時期仿照法國凡爾賽宮的建 築式樣建造的。整個園林占地290公頃，座落在壹座沙丘上，故也有“沙丘上的宮殿”之稱。無憂宮全部建築工程前後延續了約50年之久，為德國建築藝術的精華。無憂宮前是平行的弓形6級臺階，兩側由翠綠叢林烘托。宮殿前的大噴泉 是用圓形花瓣石雕組成，四周用“火”、“水”、“土”、“空氣”4個圓形花壇陪襯，花壇內塑有神像，尤以維納斯像和水星神像造形最為精美、生動。據說，整個宮內有1000多座以希臘神話人物為題材的石刻雕像。正殿中部為半圓球形頂，兩翼為長條錐脊建築。殿正中為圓廳，門廊面對壹座大噴泉。瑰麗的首相廳的天花板裝潢極富想像力，四壁鑲金，光彩奪目。室內多用壁畫和明鏡裝飾，輝煌璀璨。宮的東側有珍藏124幅名畫的畫廓，多為文藝復興時期意大利、荷蘭畫家的名作。在無憂宮的花園內有壹座六角涼亭，被稱為中國茶亭。茶亭采用了中國傳統的傘狀圓形屋頂、上蓋碧瓦、黃金圓柱落地支撐的建築結構。亭內桌椅完全仿造東方式樣制造。亭前矗立著壹只中國式香鼎。據說當年普魯士國王常在此品茶消遣。
科隆大教堂(Cologne Cathedral)是世界上最完美的哥特式教堂，位於德國 科隆市中心的萊茵河畔。東西長144．55米，南北寬86．25米，廳高43．35米，頂柱高109米，中央是兩座與門墻連砌在壹起的雙尖塔，這兩座157．38米的尖塔像兩把鋒利的寶劍，直插蒼穹。整座建築物全部由磨光石塊砌成，占地8000平方米，建築面積約6000多平方米。在大教堂的四周林立著無數座小尖塔，整個大教堂呈黑色，在全市所有的建築中格外引人註目。
波茨坦會議舊址——西席林霍夫宮
西席林霍夫宮坐落在柏林西南哈韋爾河畔的波茨坦市,始建於1912年，竣工於1917年。它是壹座赭墻紅瓦的建築，***有5個內院，175間房子，由威廉二世所建，後被壹富商購得改為別墅。因《波茨坦協定》在此簽署而聞名遐邇。
1945年7月至8月，蘇、美、英三國首腦斯大林、杜魯門和丘吉爾在此舉行會議，謀求解決同盟國之間在如何分享戰爭的勝利果實及戰後和平安排等問題上出現的壹系列矛盾。7月26日，發布了敦促日本無條件投降的《波茨坦公告》。8月2日，蘇、美、英三國首腦簽訂了有關處理戰後德國原則的《波茨坦協定》。
波茨坦會議的中心會場在進入大門的正面大廳內。大廳約40平方米，廳中央是壹張櫟木大圓桌，上面插著與會的蘇、美、英三國國旗。繞桌分放3把大扶手椅，靠窗的壹把為斯大林的座位，其余兩把為杜魯門和丘吉爾的坐椅。每把扶手椅之間放著4把靠背椅，是與會的3國高級官員的位置。桌布、椅套、地毯壹律是莊嚴肅穆的鮮紅色。墻上掛著三國首腦的大幅照片。廳的上部設有樓廊，是當時供各國記者采訪用的新聞席。大廳兩邊是工作室。
宮內走廊裏陳列著有關第二次世界大戰和波茨坦會議的資料和照片。其中，最醒目的是掛在墻上的《波茨坦協定》文本，上面赫然簽署著斯大林、杜魯門和艾德禮（代替大選中下野的丘吉爾）的名字。
現在會議大廳和三國首腦的工作室等均對遊客開放，供人參觀。宮門前有個圓形花壇，中間是個由紅色天竺葵組成的五角星，它是當年波茨坦會議舉行前夕據斯大林指示設計建成的。
風俗習慣
德國禮儀
服飾禮儀： 德國人不喜歡服裝的花哨，但都很註重衣冠的整潔，穿西裝壹定要系領帶。在赴宴或到劇院看文藝演出時男士經常穿深色禮服，女士則穿長裙，並略施粉黛。在東部地區，已婚者都帶上金質戒指。
儀態禮儀： 德國人對工作壹絲不茍，在社交場合也舉止莊重，講究風度。德國婦女的特點是素，這不光是體現在穿著打扮上，也體現在言談舉止上。與德國人相處時，幾乎見不到他們皺眉頭等漫不經心的動作，因為他們把這些動作視為對客人的不尊重，是缺乏友情和教養的表現。
相見禮儀： 德國人比較註重禮節形式。在社交場合與客人見面時，壹般行握手禮。與熟人朋友和親人相見時，壹般行擁抱禮。在與客人打交道時，總樂於對方稱呼他們的頭銜，但他們並不喜歡聽恭維話。對剛相識者不宜直呼其名。
Germany's culture
Essays: love reading - German tradition
Xinhuanet Berlin 22 November (xinhua ZhengHanGen) German famous writer Goethe said: read books with noble person is talking. The germans to "talk" with great enthusiasm, even on TV and the Internet media is developed, they still remain a love of reading, and traditional social services and make their reading is very convenient.
In the subway train, in the park
Ping, even in the hospital waiting indoor, book in hand in reading are very common. Polls showed that 70 percent of germans love reading, more than half of them regularly buy books, one-third of the study almost every day. Be worth what carry is, in all age groups of young people under the age of 30, the highest enthusiasm reading. Visible, books have been integrated into the German People's Daily life. A young German reporter friend said, in Germany, like to drink beer as usual.
In Germany, buying books is very convenient. Regardless of urban and rural areas are very easy to find, bookstores, a town of at least 1 million people will have one or two large bookstores. More than a million people in the German high, have more than 5,000 bookstore. In the bookstore in advance, if not shelf you want, bookstore will help books from the press order, the buyer may soon get the book.
Besides, some comprehensive supermarket outside the bookstore and the gas station also sell books. In some large storage supermarket, people will see the latest bestsellers, sale books and newspapers and magazines, etc in the shelf. Customers with milk and bread daily food, using the items in the supermarket trolley, often with a book. In addition, the germans still through direct mail, press, online order way such as buying books. Increasingly popular online bookstores, and every year to advance the double speed increases.
The size of the internal environment of German bookstore is very quiet, quiet and tastefully laid out. Some big bookshop music played with the cafe, people can drink coffee, browse books. Some bookstore and the interval, for people to read by many sofa and chair. In a bookstore, book classification according to different fields, facilitate readers for clarity.
A library is satisfied with the germans in the book. Germany has 1.4 million more library collection, 1.29 million copies. Many libraries through the organization of cultural events, writer as more attractive to himself. The town is a library, the library without fixed country often get the visit, the flowing library books for rural people easily.
Germany has many books about the organization, which promotes the activities of reading people. German bookseller association, reading fund, often held to promote reading activity, colorful recently established reading association "organization" German celebrities to library or bookstore for teenagers, arouse their reading good books interest.
The germans are the overall quality is higher, and they enjoy reading of the fine tradition are closely related. Goethe would have noticed the strength and cultural significance of Germany. He said: "if not through a brilliant culture balanced flow irrigation to all over the country, how can the great German? Around the country libraries, museums and theatres, as to support and promote national cultural upbringing improve strength and should never be neglected. (to finish)
Geographical situation
Natural geography: German is located in central Europe, Poland, the Czech republic, Austria and Switzerland, south west Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, and the north sea and connected in Denmark and the Baltic sea, it is the most European neighbours. 357020 area, 22 square kilometers (December 1999). Terrain can be divided into north meteorological DeXingOu: four, northern Germany, average altitude of less than 100 plains, Sino-german mountains, for the land by high, Southwest Rhine valley area, a fault, the wall; steep hill South of the Bavarian Alps, plateau and the Alps mountain and ZuGeFeng altitude, the highest 2963. The Rhine river is flowing (mainly domestic 865 kilometres), the river, the river, a siddhartha, the Danube river. Large lakes have lake compensates, chiemsee, amare lake, the lake times. Obviously, the climate in northwest toward the east, south of transition to a continental climate. Average temperatures on July 14 ~ 19 degrees Celsius, January - 5 ~ 1 ° c. Annual precipitation 500-1000 mm, hill is more. As of January 1, 1995, according to the international law in 1982, Germany in beihai park and agreement by 3 miles east of the territorial sea to 12 nautical 22 kilometers), the area of each increase 4100 and 1,700 square kilometers.
Major cities
Young and old capital, Berlin
Berlin (Berlin) as October 1990 after the unification of the capital, young and old. It is located in the heart of Europe, eastern and western intersection. Urban area answer square kilometers, including park, forests, lakes and rivers in urban area accounts for about a quarter of the city in the forest and grass, like a green encircle islands. 339 million population.
Berlin is a famous European capital, founded in 1237. City people's Brandenburg gate frontier, earl abbott earl's nickname called "bear", has been to a standing as a city of Berlin ChengHui bear. Berlin -- in 1415 Cohen, capital of the nations be Brandenburg gate. In 1871 bismarck unity when Germany Dublin. In 1990, October 3, two German reunification, east and west Berlin is merged into one again. June of next year the Reichstag decision, Berlin for German reunification capital and seat of government.
Berlin, Germany over the city, the city of the photographs of architecture in the patches of green trees. > >
Places of historic interest
The Brandenburg Gate Brandenburg Gate scenic: () is located in the center of Berlin lindens avenue and June 17th street, is the famous nai Lin resort and symbol of the unification of Germany. The king of Prussia in 1753, Dudley, Avery, ordered WeiLianYiShi set Dublin city building 14 seat of LinCheng cypress, therefore the door toward the east, was WeiLianYiShi Avery, by the king family named landon graber birthplace. At the door for a two big pillars support the humble monolith. In 1788, the king of Prussia was fritz, WeiLianErShi unified deutsche empire, for the table, hence this celebration. When Germany renowned architectural historians Karl Goethe, undertake design and Lang Hans was in Athens, his work for the Greek colonnades type, the gate of the arc DE triomphe type design, and to the gates of 1791 completion. After the reconstruction of the gate 20 meters high, wide 65.6 meters, width and meters, gates are 5 channel of the middle and channel. According to historical records, among the channel in 1918 Kaiser only allow royal family before abdication. Each channel between gates with huge sandstone stone, stone separated at each end of the six ACTS 14 meters high, bottom diameter to 1.70 meters, more than vertical. The door for more splendid, when Germany's famous sculptor GeTe fritz DE sand and this door top designed a set of bronze statue of decoration, four a galloping horse pulled a chariot, chariot stands a goddess of wings plug back, her hand holding a portable Pei, a scepter to fly wings in the Prussian camellia griffin goddess of hand decorated with bay anadem scepter. In each channel inside the walls of the inlaid with more than 20 sand picture of the ancient Greek myth of the heroic deeds of heracles graz marble relief paintings. Greek mythology of 30 reflects peace "peace in" marble relief decoration in the gates of the positive MeiShang monolith. The door was named after the completion of the door, "" peace on the chariot was called the" goddess "peace.
51job Sans Souci Palace (the) is located in the federal republic of Germany BoLanDengBaoZhou capital city north eastern Potsdam. From French palace "intent" (or "mo sorrow"). 51job palace and the surrounding forest park is the king of Prussia Frederick ii (1745-1757) took French Versailles palace built in the building construction style. The garden covers an area of 290 hectares, located in a sand dunes, it also has "the palace". 51job palace all construction engineering and lasted for about 50 years for Germany, the essence of art and architecture. 51job palace is parallel to the bow before six steps, both sides by green jungle foil. The palace is circular stone fountain petals, around with "fire", "water" and "earth", "air" four points within the flower round parterre has gods, plastic, especially with Venus resembles and most elegant shape, mercury, vivid images. Allegedly, the whole palace has more than 1000 seats in Greek mythology as the theme of stone statues. In the main hall, wings for half globular cones ridge architecture. For strip The house for a round face, porch fountain. The prime minister's office magnificent decoration creative walls, ceiling gold, glow. Indoor use mural and adornment, brilliant bright mirror. The collection of paintings have 124 for the painting profile, Renaissance Italy, Holland painter's masterpiece. In the palace without a garden with ChaTing called Chinese pavilion. ChaTing adopted the traditional Chinese umbrella circular roof, roof BiWa, gold cylindrical landing support structures. Booth in Oriental style manufacturing imitated chairs completely. The pavilion stands a Chinese sweet. It was the country WangChangZai Prussia and recreation.
Cologne Cathedral in Cologne Cathedral () is the world's most gothic church, perfect the center in Germany Rhine Cologne. 144.55 meters long, wide 43.35 86.25 meters high, hall, 109 meters high, the engine is two stones together with the wall of even the two minarets, 157.38 meters of minarets like two sharp sword, into the ether. The whole building blocks by polish, covers an area of 8,000 square meters and a building area of more than 6000 square meters. At the cathedral of innumerable small round with a black, the cathedral spire in the city, all the buildings were particularly noticeable.
The Potsdam conference site XiXi - LinHuoFu palace
XiXi LinHuoFu palace located in the southwest of Berlin, maxwell river, founded in Potsdam, 1912, completed in 1917. It is a red tile wall of the building germick, there are five inner, 175 house built by WeiLianErShi purchased by a rich, instead of the villa. Because of the Potsdam agreement signed in this famous.
In 1945, July to August, Sue, beauty and leaders Truman and Stalin, Winston Churchill in this meeting, seeking solutions on how to share the war between the allied victory fruit and post-war peace arrangement on a series of contradictions. On July 26, be released urged Japan surrendered unconditionally "of the Potsdam proclamation. On August 2, Sue, beauty and relevant leaders signed with the principle of post-war German the Potsdam agreement.